Intercultural Communication Essay -- Papers Communicating Culture Essa

Intercultural Communication Intercultural correspondence is usually clarified as a collaboration between individuals of 'various societies whether characterized as far as racial, ethnic or financial contrasts.' Human correspondence comprises of verbal and nonverbal messages (language and signals) which are molded by sexual orientation, social class or culture. In this way, what edges characterize the intercultural trade and what essential messages do we need or attempt to pass on? Our correspondence procedure or the manner in which we credit emblematic implications to words and signals, so as to communicate is molded by the general public in which we advance. This mutual utilization of codes inside a given gathering of people, additionally prompts a typical way of thinking of life, thoughts or ethics. Along these lines, culture somewhat, shapes our considerations in various forms despite the way that we have normal natural or passionate needs and consequently, regular reactions to specific upgrades. Moreover, different social orders are presently separated in classes inside which, bunches make and create different codes. Every subgroup supports its qualities and convention through language and customs making multicultural cooperations. Henceforth, the human correspondence process can't be held for homogenous, even inside a similar society since factors like race, sexual orientation or social class will somewhat adjust this example. The previous summer, I went through one month in Quito, Ecuador and multi week on the island Anaconda in the Amazonian Forest. This was my first involvement with Latin America and I have had the option to see two altogether different piece of the Ecuadorian culture. In Quito, individuals communicate in Spanish, live in the capital and are from blended drop (Spanish-Indian) while Anaconda?s populace is for the most part Indian, talks ... ...terlocutor?s, we will communicate in an unexpected way. The way that a typical structure, for instance school, is imparted to somebody assists with eradicating correspondence hindrances. Moreover, rules like habits are additionally characterized by classes and this common significance of codes frequently rises above social contrasts. Notwithstanding, words and the significance they represent are natural for a language and this is consistently abstract. Regardless of the discretionary meaning of a word in a given language, human sentiments remain the shared factor of most trades. This is the premise on which messages can be traded and comprehended between individuals from various societies, sexual orientation or race. What's more, substantial things or circumstances are simpler to examine with somebody from a totally unique culture. The message we pass on become essential for this situation, and by and large express first needs.

Justice for Socrates and Augustine

Computer Science vs Mechanical Engineering What to Choose

Computer Science vs Mechanical Engineering What to Choose Computer science and mechanical engineering both fields design, create and analyze tools that make our work and lives easier. Computer science and mechanical engineering advance the limits of what we can do, if on a different level. Both fields similarly support one another in a different manner. Moreover, both professions share many of the same intentions and procedures of problem-solving, if at diverse levels.Lets start the comparison between computer science vs mechanical engineering:- Credit: Pritam Paul Computer science vs mechanical engineering â€" The Similarities Summary Computer science vs mechanical engineering â€" The SimilaritiesComputer science vs mechanical engineering â€" The DissimilaritiesBased on the jobsBased on the DepartmentsBased on the Job DesignationsSkills required of computer science vs mechanical engineeringComputer science vs mechanical engineering â€" Which one to Choose?Conclusion The intentions of both the fields are the same, together with the problem-solving processes.The fields that perform in the respective profession require to have different experiences and sets of skills that will play an extremely significant role in their education.The creation of physical tools may be possible with the help of a mechanical engineer, but it would be nothing without computer scientists and vice versa.The dimensions are different, while the intentions are very much similar. Computer science vs mechanical engineering â€" The Dissimilarities Based on the jobs While jobs of mechanical engineers are to make and develop the physical tools. And verify them to give the outcomes to the different businesses,Professionals of computer science would take the support of research and development to pan out various digital concepts. That has the potential to solve various problems related to computers in the business. Based on the Departments Since the courses of both computer science and mechanical engineering related to two different science branches.There is no doubt that the divisions on which the plans for such courses are provided will also be different.When it comes to the colleges that provide courses in mechanical engineering. The most important names are the mechanical science and engineering department and the mechanical engineering department.On the other hand, the names of the courses in computer science are the computer and information science department and the computer science department. Based on the Job Designations The careers and the job designations that the students have after the finishing point of their courses in their particular professions of mechanical engineering and computer science are completely different.The students of mechanical engineering, they will be capable of applying for posts like an automotive engineer, aerospace engineers, design engineer, and so on.While the students of computer science will be capable of applying for the jobs of a computer engineer, robotics scientist, and so on. Skills required of computer science vs mechanical engineering For students who want to have a better career in the area of computer science and mechanical engineering. It is necessary for them to have effective skills in communication.Having effective communication skills will support experts in both the area of projecting and sharing their ideas with their organizations and teammates for whom they work.Practical skill is another skill that requires in the fields of mechanical engineering and computer science.It frequently combines logic and analysis, as well.The knowledge regarding the methods of practical and logical will be support. When it comes to solving the issues of both areas.Their views on the fundamentals of mathematics must be cleared completely from simple algebra knowledge to various important calculations. Computer science vs mechanical engineering â€" Which one to Choose? It is necessary for the students to opt between mechanical engineering and computer science as both areas have differences in them.Selecting the field of computer science will be best for those. Who wants to have a recognized career faster than any other area.The reason for this is that computer programmers need fewer education concepts when it comes to the arrival of a job.Most students who choose a career in computer science do so after completing their bachelors degree.However, mechanical engineering requires a master’s degree from the students who need a perfect job in their career.Experience must be acquired in pursuing a career in both fields. Conclusion Selecting a career between computer science and mechanical engineering will not be a complex problem if the students are all aware of the basic concepts of differences and similarities. If you are facing any problem in writing your assignment, so you can take help from our company. Our experts provide the proper solution to your problem. Our company provides a plagiarism-free solution.Get the best programming assignment help from the experts at nominal charges.

Origin of the Name Newfoundland and Labrador

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is one of the ten provinces and three territories that make up Canada. Newfoundland is one of four Atlantic provinces in Canada. Origin of the Names Newfoundland and Labrador King Henry VII of England referred to the land discovered by John Cabot in 1497 as the â€Å"New Found Launde, thus helping to coin the name of Newfoundland.   It is thought that the name Labrador came from Joà £o Fernandes, a Portuguese explorer. He was a llavrador, or landowner, who explored the coast of Greenland. References to the labradors land evolved into the areas new name: Labrador. The term was first applied to a section of the coast of Greenland, but the area of Labrador now includes all the northern islands in the region. Previously called only Newfoundland, the province officially became Newfoundland and Labrador in December 2001, when an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada.

History And Latin American Literature - 1873 Words

Many works in Latin American literature can be attributed to the multitude of historical events that transpired within the overtake of the Latin American continent by the Spanish. This interplay between Latin American literature and history gave rise to different movements as well as different styles of writing that the world had not really experienced before. When one is examining the relationship between history and Latin American Literature, it is important to chronologically analyze its materialization beginning from its pre-columbian conception up to its post-boom period. The historical events that shaped Latin America can be subdivided into different epochs such as pre-columbian literature, colonial literature, nineteenth century literature, modernismo , and the â€Å"boom†. These transformations that the Latin American culture experienced gave rise to many unique authors such as Andres Bello, Ruben Dario, and Juan Rulfo to just name a few. Since writing had not quite been invented yet, pre-columbian cultures were for the most part oral when dated back to Aztec and Mayan times. Myths were always a part of the peoples cultures and they can be safely assumed to have been passed down for many generations before the creation of literacy. Although native people were illiterate for the most part, there already was a form of record keeping in place that the Aztec culture followed. Mnemonic devices, such as threads with knots tied in them, were used as a visual aid by the IncasShow MoreRelatedEssay about The History and Theory of Magical Realism1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe History and Theory of Magical Realism Magical Realism is one of todays most popular subjects in literature to discuss regarding its history and theory of Magical Realism. It began in the Latin culture and now is known word wide for its attributes. Magical Realism is even rivaling some of the great masterpieces of modern and past literature. 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Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations Free Essays

The Cuban missile crisis had relieved the tensions and possibilities of a nuclear war between the two superpowers. The USA had attempted to destroy Castro’s regime, with the April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion where 1,400 Cuban rebels attempted to invade the island. The USSR had come to the aid of Cuba, providing nuclear missiles aimed at major cities in USA. We will write a custom essay sample on Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The USA ordered a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships from transporting the missiles to Cuba. The threat of a nuclear war was apparent and eventually the two superpowers made an agreement stating the removal of the US missile sites in Turkey in exchange for the USSR missile sites in Cuba, aborting the possibility of nuclear annihilation. The two superpowers were at the brink of a nuclear holocaust but the crisis made them realise the policy of brinkmanship was dangerous so they abandoned it, which is why the crisis is viewed as a turning point. The crisis had also improved US-USSR relations. USA and the USSR were prepared to avoid a future crisis after they realised the policy of brinkmanship nearly caused a nuclear war. A telephone hotline was set up between the White House and the Kremlin to provide swift communication and in August 1963, a Test-Ban treaty was signed, outlawing the test of nuclear weapons. Therefore, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a turning point in Cold War relations because the two superpowers developed a friendship, putting the effort in to reduce risk of a recurrence. On the contrary, it could only be described as a turning point in this period because they were reducing the risk of a crisis but they did not preserve their relations later on. The crisis had also led to world peace. The superpowers had avoided a nuclear war and in doing so prevented the destruction of the world. The USA did not bother Cuba again and the Soviet missiles were removed from Cuba. The superpowers realised that peaceful negotiations can help solve predicaments and both leaders were credited for their part in maintaining world peace. The crisis is a turning point as before, the world wasn’t peaceful with USA trying to rid the world of communism and the relations between superpowers were negative. However, in this time period, they had restored world peace by negotiating terms. The Cuban Missile Crisis influenced Cold War relations strongly. The two superpowers had now realised the dangers of adopting the policy of brinkmanship and made an effort to avoid a recurrence of the crisis again by understanding the importance of swift communication. How to cite Why was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in Cold War Relations?, Essays

Interesting Social Issue Topics for Your Essay

Social Issue Essay: Some Interesting Topic Suggestions Writing essays on controversial social topics that discuss important issues of nowadays is amazing. Being a part of society, you see and feel various problems and trends that occur constantly and mean something to different groups of people. What about reflecting on some of them and expressing your own point of view? This is a perfect practice for an essay writer. Composing social issue essay, you learn how to build a solid argument and test your persuasive potential. However, this is also a great way to learn more about the major changes and issues we all have to witness.When choosing a topic for an essay like that, you need to focus on a couple of crucial aspects:Pick something that is easy to research. You don’t want to get stuck with it in the very beginning, do you?This should be a topic that you and your audience is interested in. There is no point in discussing something boring.Your topic should make you passionate, but not too much. If something makes you too emotional , you won’t be able to stay on an objective position.Now take a look at this list of topics we have prepared for you. Hopefully, you will find something to your liking!Social scienceThe roots of gift-giving tradition in different countriesVarious forms of body modifications of different timesWhat were the reasons for Roman Empire to collapse?The issue of polygamy and monogamyThe change of gender roles in USA and its possible outcomesCan we trust sociological statistics? Are they anyhow informative?Social justiceShould government control the personal life of people? To what extent?At what point tolerance turns into its opposite?Should we find new approaches to fighting racism? What are they?Domestic violence against men: how society reacts on it?Discrimination on the job marketHow people infected with AIDS suffer from social injustice?Racial discrimination as an issue of ignoranceMigration and immigrationImmigration: what are the benefits it might bring?How United States were changed after Irish immigration?Refugees: how can we help them without harming ourselves?Mexican-American wall: is it madness or a simple solution of a complicated problem?How can we prevent migration of young people?Illegal immigration: why do people make a decision like that?Examples of positive cultural blends that occurred because of immigrationSocial prejudice and discriminationShould we fight against hate speech in social media environment?What are the most common stereotypes of American society?Hidden discrimination: how can we define it?Prejudices against black peopleShould we forget about issues of the past that evoke prejudices in today’s communication?The privilege of white people on the job marketDiscrimination against LGBT communityPrejudices against womenHow do social prejudices influence on our self-perception? Is it a social or a personal problem?Cultural propertyCultural heritage protection in times of warCopies of cultural artifacts: is it ethical to sell th em?Should European museums keep the worldwide artifacts or should they return them to homelands?Why preserving cultural artifacts is important for society?IlliteracyCan we say that illiteracy is a reason of most social problems?Harmfulness of financial illiteracyPolitical illiteracy and its consequencesHow emotional illiteracy harm families and further development of children?Why is it hard for adult people to fight with their illiteracy?Do social media platforms increase or decrease social illiteracy?Can literacy make people’s life better?War and peaceDo we pay enough attention to peace education at schools?War as a political crimeWar economics and their effect on societyMedia as a tool of propaganda in times of war and peaceSyrian war and its effects on the world

The Color Purple1 essays

The Color Purple1 essays Change over time was a theory that was first realized by the Greeks and, only thousands of years later, accepted as fact. As time goes by, things change. And this change is never more evident than in human growth and development. But what is it that causes human metamorphosis to occur? Oftentimes, the change comes from within, simply the innate desire to improve oneself. Other times, the transformation is directly the result of outside influences; such as a significant event or inspiration from respected individuals and role models. The latter is the case in Alice Walkers The Color Purple. In this novel, Walker uses the influence of other strong female characters to act as catalysts on Celies journey of self-discovery. Inspired by Sophia, Celie is able to establish her independence from her abusive husband. Celie knows she is controlled by Mr.___ and acknowledges this when she ...think bout how every time (she) jump when Mr.___ call (her) (Purple, 38). Celies weakness is justified, considering that male domination is a constant in her life. Passed from one chauvinistic man to another, women in subordinate roles is all she knows and can relate to. As put by critic Donna Winchell, At first fighting back does not even seem an option, survival seems the best she can hope for, in this world at least (86). However, witnessing the relationship between her son-in-law Harpo and his wife Sophia brings Celie to the realization that such abuse is not necessary and instills in her the desire to stand up for herself. This is evident in Celies envy of Sophias strength towards Harpo; I say it because Im jealous of you. I say it because you do what I cant (Purple, 42). Celie longs for the courage she finds in Sophia. Years of abuse has made her feel that she cannot assert her own independence, and that she is powerless against her husband&apo...

What Is a Safety School How Should You Choose Yours

What Is a Safety School How Should You Choose Yours SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips For those of you who have started researching college admissions, you may have heard of the concept of a â€Å"safety school.† What is a safety school? Simply, a safety school is one in which your odds of getting in are extremely high. Everyone who applies to college should apply to safety schools. Why? You don’t want to risk getting rejected from all the schools you apply to. In this article, I'll define and explain the concept of a safety school. Furthermore, I'll discuss how to identify your safety schools and determine the number of safety schools you should apply to. What Is a Safety School? A safety school is a college that you're almost guaranteed to get into. Your GPA should be well above the average student's at that school and your SAT or ACT score should be above the 75th percentile for that school. I would say you should have at least an 80% chance of gaining admission, based on the numbers, to consider a college a safety school. Also, no college with an admissions rate lower than 15% can ever be considered a safety school. If a college is that selective, regardless of your grades and SAT scores, you can never assume that your odds of admission will be greater than 80%. The most selective schools routinely reject students with perfect grades and standardized test scores. Here's a hypothetical example to illustrate the concept of a safety school. Example Brittany has a 3.75 GPA and received a 680 SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing score and a 700 SAT Math score. She applied to Arizona State University. Is ASU a safety school for her? Yes. The average GPA for ASU is 3.54, and the average SAT scores are 610 for EBRW and 620 for Math. The 75th percentile SAT score is 1350. Additionally, the admissions rate for ASU is 84%. Brittany should feel extremely confident that she'll be admitted to ASU and can use it as a safety school. Brittany's safety school How to Identify Your Safety Schools How do you know which colleges to use as safety schools? Many students will apply to their less competitive in-state public schools as safety schools, especially because in-state public colleges tend to offer lower tuition rates to in-state residents. Also, there are schools that offer guaranteed admission if you reach a certain GPA and SAT/ACT score. Most of these colleges are state schools and the offer extends to in-state residents. There's a guaranteed path to admission for California residents at University of California schools and automatic admission programs in Iowa, Missouri, Mississippi, Texas, and Nevada. Research a school's admissions requirements on its website to determine if there's a similar offer at that school. You can refer to popular college rankings lists from sources like US News World Report, Forbes, and Princeton Review and research schools that meet some of the criteria you're looking for in a college.Your standardized test scores should surpass the 75th percentile and your GPA should be above the school’s average to possibly consider a college a safety school. Use PrepScholar tools. If you enter your SAT score here, PrepScholar will automatically give you a list of possible safety schools based on your SAT score. Additionally, you can Google "(name of school) prepscholar admissions requirements" and use the admissions calculator on a school's profile to get a rough idea of your chances of admission. If you have at least an 80% chance according to the calculator, then you can probably categorize the school as a safety school. If you know college students who had qualifications lower than yours, you can research the colleges they’re attending and see if you can use any of those schools as your safety schools as well. Keep in mind that your GPA and SAT scores are only two components that determine whether you’re accepted to a school. Your extracurricular activities, recommendations, essays, and background also play a role when your application is evaluated. However, GPA and SAT/ACT scores are the most important factors and they’re the most objective available statistics. If your GPA and standardized test scores are much higher than those of the typical applicant, then other components of your application can be weaker and you'll still likely gain admission. How Many Safety Schools Should You Apply to? There's no set number of safety schools that you should apply to, but make sure you're open to attending the schools you're applying to. It's a waste of time to apply to a school that you would never attend. The college application process can be costly and time-consuming, especially if you apply to schools that don't use the Common Application. Generally, I recommend applying to 1/3 safety schools. If you apply to ten schools, at least three should be considered safety schools. You want to give yourself some options from the schools that are very likely to admit you. Then, 1/3 of the schools you apply to can be reach schools, schools that are likely to reject you based on your qualifications or their extremely low acceptance rates. The remaining 1/3 of schools you apply to can be target schools, schools that offer you about a 30%-80% chance of admission. Some students decide to apply to a higher percentage of reach schools because they're more interested in going to those schools and are hopeful that they'll get into one. The most important thing is to apply to at least a couple of safety schools to ensure that you'll have multiple options during the college selection process. Give yourself options! Quick Review A safety school is a college to which you have an extremely good chance of gaining admission (above 80%). You can safely assume you'll be accepted. Identify possible safety schools by consulting websites, ranking lists, and friends. Consider in-state public colleges that are safety school options. Use the admissions calculator on the PrepScholar database to determine if a particular school could be a safety school. Find out if there are any schools to which you qualify for automatic admission. Apply to about 1/3 safety schools. Ensure that you have options. What's Next? If you're about to start the application process, learn how to write about extracurriculars on your college applications. Also, check out this post if you have a high GPA but low SAT score. Finally, as you're considering your college options, read about whether you should consider going to college out of state. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Korean and Japanese Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Korean and Japanese Americans - Essay Example History, Generations, Immigration and Length of U.S. Residency Koreans are one of the largest, fastest growing Asian groups in the United States (Jackson, 2006; library.ca.gov, N.D.a). During 1903-1905 came the first wave of Korean immigrants to the United States. Around 7,000 Korean came to Hawaii as farm laborers in sugar plantation. Within a few years 1,000 of them returned to Korea. About 2,000 of the early immigrants left Hawaii and came to the continental United States. In less than one century the number has grown to an estimated one million (Lee, 1995). Many more began to immigrate after the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965. As of 2000, ethnic Koreans living in the United States are largely concentrated in California, New York, Texas, Washington, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Los Angeles, with its Korea town district, is home to the largest concentration of Koreans outside of Asia (Wikipedia, 2007a). The Census 2000 recorded an additional 151,555 Americans of part-Korean ancestry. There are 56,825 adopted children of Korean nativity and place of birth. (2000 US Census) 99,061 Koreans were adopted into the U.S. during 1953-2001. (Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2002) According to the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2,157,498 ethnic Koreans live in the United States in 2003. However a large number of these are students or temporary workers and hence do not have permanent residence status. A number of US states have declared January 13 as Korean-American Day due to their impact and contributions to the American society (Wikipedia, 2007a). ... The population of Korean Americans is high when compared to the Japanese Americans. Japanese Americans have historically been among the three largest Asian American communities, but in recent decades have become the sixth largest (at roughly 1,148,000, including those of mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity). Japanese Americans are a subgroup of East Asian Americans, which is further a subgroup of Asian Americans. The largest Japanese American communities are in California with roughly 395,000, Hawaii with roughly 297,000, Washington with 56,000, and New York with 45,000 according to the 2000 Census. In addition there are large numbers in Texas, Illinois, Oregon, Colorado, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Florida. Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, comprising about 4% of immigration from Asia; however, net immigration is closer to zero as some older Japanese Americans emigrate back to their homeland. Hence, there is a constant outflow and inflow of this population (Wikipedia, 2007b). On of the uniqueness of Japanese Americans community is that they have special names for each of its generations in the United States. The first generation born in Japan or Okinawa, is called Issei. The second generation is Nisei, third is called Sansei, fourth is Yonsei and fifth is Gosei. The term Nikkei was coined by Japanese American sociologists and encompasses the entire population across generations. Issei and many Nisei speak Japanese or Okinawan in addition to English as a second language (Wikipedia, 2007b). This shows the community is open towards learning and adapting to their new environment. Religion and Spiritually For Koreans, religion traditionally has been important. In fact their religiosity has become all the more evident

Modern World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern World History - Essay Example Death-feud and antagonism between the states is one of the most dangerous evils which pressures mankind through all historical periods of time. In contrast to this confrontations, the primary goal of nation-states' policies is to ensure their survival. That is, states seek to preserve their independence or sovereignty in a hostile environment. During the XX centuries, two world wars showed that the world's fate hinged on the outcome of this massive effort to meet the Axis threat of world conquest and restore the balance of power. In this hostile environment, the United Nations became a strong force which balanced confrontations and peace. The significance of the UN can be explained by the fact that previous attempts to achieve the world order had failed, but the end of the WWII demanded a strong international organization to ensure global peace. In 1945, despite the emergent differences between the United States and the Soviet Union, World War II, like all previous great-power wars, paved the way for a new world order. The League of Nation had failed to meet new social and political landscape between the Second World War. In 1943, the Four Power Declaration advanced principles for allied collaboration in the period following the end of military confrontations (Hyde, 1960). The product of the Allies' determination to create a new international organization to manage the postwar international order was conceived in this and other wartime agreements. Consistent with the expectation that the great powers would cooperate to manage world affairs, China was promised a seat on the United Nations Security Council along with F rance and the Big Three. The purpose was to guarantee that all of the dominant states would share responsibility for keeping the peace (Mcwhinney, 1984). In 1945, the UN represented a supranational level - a political body that exerted influence upon several national governments. On the other hand, the UN was used as 'a silent tool' of competition between the USA and USSR. Both countries used the United Nations not to keep the peace, but to pursue their competition with one another. As the most recent great-power war of the twentieth century, it still casts its shadow over the post-Cold War geostrategic landscape. Perhaps the most certain feature of this otherwise uncertain environment was the ascendancy of the United States and the Soviet Union as its dominant powers (Debrix, 1999). Today, the UN has lost its strategic significance in contrast to 1945, and for this very reason many political leaders and scientist suppose that: "'the role of the United Nations as a whole in economic and social affairs, including its relationship to the Bretton Woods institutions needs to be re-thought and reinvigorated" (Murithi, 2003, p.3). The end of the Cold War and the War on Terror demonstrated that the USA can survive indefinitely. Russia has made the transition over the last ten years to an independent democratic nation state. The emergence of new economic centers the Triad and European Union, NAFTA and ASEAN reduce the role and impact of the UN on the global peace and foreign relations. At the beginning of the 21st century, the global regulatory environment consists of a variety of governmental and nongovernmental agencies that enforce laws or set guidelines for conducting business and political affairs (Graham, 2003, p. 5). A change process lies at the

Influences on Achievement of Funding Goals

Influences on Achievement of Funding Goals Donna R. Lowe The purpose of the following dissertation, A content analysis of Kickstarter: The influence of framing and rewarding motivations on campaign success (Sauro) was to examine the implications of message framing in determining the success or failure of Kickstarter campaigns. The study also explored to what extent conditional cooperation influences the achievement of funding goals. The study applied framing theory on the decision-making process, which has significant prior research but not in regards to crowdfunding. Sauro (2014) uses a definition used in a previous study by Dr. Inge Sorenson. Crowdfunding is defined as â€Å"the micro-financing of individual projects, and is catered for online by sites like indiegogo.com, sponsume.com, crowdfunder.co.uk, pledgie.com, and kickstarter.com (Sorenson, 2012). Sauro (2014) also uses the term project-based communities â€Å"meaning a unique community of early adopters and investors of a new product or service that hone and gather funding ple dges. One hundred and twenty Kickstarter campaigns were randomly selected and sampled. The key findings were broken down by research questions. The first research question sought to uncover to what extent did the choice of framing methods affect success or failure of the crowdfunding campaigns. The finding was campaigns that used framing had a significantly higher rate of success as opposed to campaigns that used no framing. â€Å"Out of all campaigns that were successful, 83.3% utilized a prescribed framing method, opposed to 40.8% of unsuccessful campaigns that did not† (Sauro, 2014, p. 24). The finding of research question two suggests a strong correlation between successful campaigns and conditional cooperation measures. The study identified a relationship between conditional cooperation and donation levels at the end of set funding periods across all categorical tiers (low, medium, and high). Supplemental data was also provided. Additional factors that had an impact on t he probability of a successful crowdfunding campaign were identified. The findings were factors such as including a self-narrative, stating personal qualifications, and having a lower funding goal had a strong influence on the outcome. Sauro (2014) found â€Å"of the campaigns that were successful, a self-narrative was present 82.0% of the time, as opposed to 62.2% when campaigns were unsuccessful† (p. 29). Suggestions for further research included the need to use a larger sample size from all project categories and continued investigation of personal narratives influence. There was also a suggestion to include research on whether text-based, video-based, or combination-framing messages could be efficiently used to achieve objectives. Sauro (2014) used prospect theory and message framing as drivers for the crowdfunding donor decision-making process. Prospect theory attempts to explain the decision-making process based on the way the material is presented (Sauro, 2014, p. 8). In involves a decision problem, decision maker, and a decision frame. Rational decision-makers â€Å"will opt for the prospect that offers the highest expected utility† (Tversky Kahneman, 1981, p. 453). Prospect theory expresses outcomes as positive or negative deviations (gains and losses) with regards to an S-curve. Message framing is an important concept for crowdfunding and the study by Chun-Tuan Chang and Yu-Kang Lee (2010) was used to support Sauro’s dissertation. Framing is â€Å"the presentation of one of two different but equivalent value outcomes to decision-makers, where one outcome is presented in positive and the other in negative terms† (Chang Lee, 2010, p 197). Compliance is encouraged using framing demon strating gains and losses. Bruno S. Frey and Stephan Meier conducted a field experiment about charitable giving and conditional cooperation in 2004. The experiment supported the theory on conditional cooperation and found that if people know others are making charitable contributions, the likelihood of them making contributions increases but is still linked to previous charitable behaviors (Frey Meier, 2004, p. 1717). People tend to compare themselves socially to others and are inclined to make charitable donations based on those they identify with. These works are extremely important and the foundation for understanding donor behavior while researching crowdfunding. Crowdfunding is a relatively new concept. It involves communications, fundraising, technology, and a social media platform. Sauros (2014) used prospect theory, framing, and conditional cooperation as factors of influence for successful crowdfunding campaigns. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky (1979) developed the prospect theory. Kahneman and Tversky’s study â€Å"Prospect Theory: An analysis of decision under risk† introduces one of the most quoted theories in economic psychology. Developed in the 1980s, the theory has had considerable impact on understanding how decisions are derived using gains and losses. The theory of framing was introduced by Erving Goffman (1974). Goffman was considered â€Å"the most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century† (Fine Smith, 2000). Goffman wrote several books and fundamentally changed the way we think of social interactions. His work is considered unparalleled and he is extensively cited in behavioral studie s. His greatest contribution to social theory is his study of symbolic interaction, which began in 1959. He studied social order, interactions, stigmas, routine transactions, human behavior, etc. He was not a traditional sociologist and his work was influenced by Durkheim, Freud, Mead, Simmel, and Radcliffe-Brown (Yakkaldevi, 2013, p. 74). Albert Bandura is associated with social learning theory. According to Bandura (1977), Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own actions to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.† Bandura is well known for his famous Bobo doll experiment where children were demonstrated to learn aggression through observations and interactions (Bandura, Ross, Ross, 1961). His work is considered to be part of the cognitive revolution in psychology. References Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A., Ross, D. Ross, S.A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63, 575-82. Chang, C., Lee, Y. (2010). Effects of message framing, vividness congruency and statistical framing on responses to charity advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 29(2), 195-220. Fine, G. A. Smith, G. W. (2000). SAGE Masters of Modern Social Thought: Erving Goffman (Vols. 1-4). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446261545 Frey, B. S., Meier, S. (2004). Social comparisons and pro-social behavior: Testing conditional cooperation in a field experiment. The American Economic Review, 94(5),1717-1722. Sauro, J. J. (2014). A content analysis of Kickstarter: The influence of framing and rewarding motivations on campaign success (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and These Database. (UMI No. 1556435) Sorenson, I. E. (2012). Crowdsourcing and outsourcing: The impact of online funding and distribution on the documentary film industry in the UK. Media Culture and Society, 34, 726-743. doi:10.1177/0163443712449499 Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. doi: 10.2307/1914185 Tversky, A. Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297–323. Yakkaldevi, A. S. (2013). Phenomenology and Enthomethodology. India: Laxmi Book Publication.

“On The Rainy River” Analysis Essay

The short story â€Å"On the Rainy River† is an integral chapter in the memoir The Things They Carried written by William Timothy O’Brien. The short story is written through the perspective of O’Brien in present day and as a young man faced with a draft notice for the Vietnam War. In â€Å"On the Rainy River,† O’Brien portrays the importance of bravery of individuals in the society through the use of symbolism, powerful tone, reflective point of view, narrative devices, and through the reoccurring theme of courage. In the short story, O’Brien uses symbolism to depict the religious aspect of the Rainy River, a watercourse which segregates the land of Minnesota and Canada, a divide that tested O’Brien’s bravery to either enlist in or flee the Vietnam War. O’Brien states that â€Å"the Rainy River . . . separated one life from another [;] . . . the cold [sprayed] against [his] face . . . [as] [they] . . . passed into Canadi an waters, across that dotted line between two different worlds . . .† (1012). The Rainy River symbolizes the rebirth of O’Brien into a new world; water epitomizes the purity and renewal of a new identity. This symbol adds great significance to the anecdote because it portrays the man vs. self-conflict of O’Brien; he has to choose a life of fearing the U.S government in exile, or a life of hostility and bloodshed in a war that he does not support. The author’s use of symbolism allows the reader to construe the variation in O’Brien’s point of view as he flees to the land of Canada to evade the drafting: that in fear, he gains the courage and strength to return to the U.S and face the inevitable war. Susan Farrell communicates in â€Å"The Vietnam in Me† that â€Å"[e]ven though the young narrator believed the war was morally wrong, he was unable to defy the traditions and expectations he had been raised with [;] [h]e was afraid of what people would say about him should he flee the draft, and he could not . . . leave behind everything he knew and loved.† The narrator considers that he is reared to take responsibility and is expected of his family and the society to do the right thing: join the war; even though he does not support the battle, O’Brien feels pressured by the fear of shame and embarrassment of not enlisting. Although the symbolism of the story reflects the author’s self-conflict, tone also enhances the significance of the decision he has to make. O’Brien  creates the tone of fear in the short story; he reflects on his cowardice and dreads the fate of his life if he were caught. O’Brien expresses that there are instances in which he is overwhelmed by fear: He stays up at night envisaging being chased by the border patrol and helicopters; he sweats while envisioning himself fleeing through the woods and being thrown to the ground by police. He feels dizzy with sorrow, guilt, and regret for parting the country and not enlisting into the war; he is troubled by the lack of sleep and the sickness that consumes him. (1009) The tone is created by the character’s personal emotions towards his life decisions and his dread upon the events that are foreseeable. The tone deepens the meaning of courage because it allows for a reflection on what could have contributed to the fear and how the character’s courage would ultimately overcome it. The tone of fear supplemented to the importance of O’Brien’s decision to escape the Vietnam War; he is acting out of fear—he, â€Å"was no soldier . . . [he] hated dirt . . . and mosquitos . . . [t]he sight of blood made [him] queasy, and [he] . . . didn’t know a rifle from a slingshot.† (O’Brien 1003). Bobbie Ann Mason observes that, â€Å"[t]he litany reifies the sense of constancy the men experienced: constant conditions, constant fear and apprehension, constant movement, and constant burdens† (Mason). Mason recognizes that the narrator’s use of a long and repetitious list of complaints and problems enables the reader to perceive the burden that he feels. The tone presented in this story allows for depth and apprehension that heightens the an xiety for future events. The point of view in the short story is presented in first person; by using first person narration, the author is enabled to express his internal emotion throughout the story. O’Brien perceives that â€Å"[c]ertain blood was being shed for uncertain reasons [; he] saw no unity of purpose, no consensus on matters of philosophy or history or law . . . facts were shrouded in uncertainty . . . [w]as it a civil war [,] a war of national liberation or simple aggression† (1002). O’Brien expresses his personal views on the war: there is no purpose for it to occur or for him to engage in the battle. Tegmark states in â€Å"The Perspectives of Other Characters† that â€Å"[there is] relative importance . . . [of] the perspective of . . . [Tim O’Brien as] the protagonist . . . and that of what I call [primary]  narrat[ion] [;] in . . .†The Things They Carried†. . . O’Brien functions as [a] focalizer, constituting the main perspective from which the reader perceives the story.† Tim O’Brien is the protagonist and the primary narrator; he is able to contribute to the story as the main perspective which allows him to provide memories and anecdotes, thus deepening the plot. The first person account gives the narrative credibility because the protagonist is telling the story; he can recall past events that relate to the occurrence or contemplate on what may ensue next. The narrator experienced the emotional battle and retreat to Canada first-hand; in turn, this interesting relationship gives the reader a direct account of the topic. O’Brien writes that â€Å"[he] felt something break open in [his] chest . . . [b]ut it was real, [he] know[s] that much, it was a physical rupture- a cracking-leaking-popping feeling† (1006). O’Brien speaks directly to the reader presenting the reader an emotional perception. His narration provides a contemplative and insightful voice while relating events that have happened; he describes what is learned from the experience and how it has affected his life. The use of flashbacks is prominent throughout the short story; O’Brien switches between the past and present tense throughout the story to narr ate his memoir. By using flashbacks, shifts and reflective moments are created. O’Brien states that he remembers that when walking out of his house in the year 1968 to leave for Canada, he carefully observed all of his familiar possessions that he would leave behind, including his life (1006). This scene reveals the use of flashback and enhances the meaning of his separation from the life he had known; he feels expressively attached to his home country. This man vs. self-conflict of whether to stay or go lingers when he sees the chrome toaster, the telephone, and the bright sunshine that sparkled in the room. O’Brien uses recollections throughout the story to incorporate former events that contribute meaning and sentiment. Susan Farrell states that â€Å"[t]he [short story] alternates between present-day [narration and the scenes] that take place during [1968] . . . [the] flashbacks . . . explain how [O’Brien] arrived at [his] present circumstances.† The author uses flashbacks throughout the story to allow the reader to visualize the shifts in his voice and the change in his views between the past and the present. O’Brien creates pathos towards the protagonist by expressing the hardships of his decision of leaving his life  in the United States for a life of hiding in Canada. O’Brien mentions remembering â€Å". . . self-pity . . . driving aimlessly around town . . . feeling sorry for [himself] . . . paralyzed . . . [feeling] guilt [and] sorrow† (1003-4). O’Brien references his emotional pressure to gain the readers’ sympathy by stating â€Å"[a]nd so [he] sat in the bow of the boat and cried . . . [i]t was loud now . . . [l]oud, hard crying† (1016). He provides his audience the capability to commiserate by giving the reader a view into his distressed core. Werlock states that O’Brien was â€Å". . . faced with [a] choice and imagining a host of people, real and imaginary, on both shores encouraging him one way or the other, the fear of shame holds him back from jumping overboard and swimming to Canada . . . O’Brien cries in the boat over his future . . .† The reader sympathizes with the protagonist because he is afraid of what people might think of him; the reader is placed in his shoes and realizes that O’Brien is in a painful position. O’Brien presents the themes of courage and cowardice throughout the short story. O’Brien states that â€Å"[it] was a kind of schizophrenia . . . [a] moral split . . . [he] couldn’t make up [his] mind . . . [he] feared the war . . . exile . . . walking away from [his] whole history. . . losing the respect of [his] parents . . . the law. . . ridicule and censure† (1005). Bloom states that â€Å"[w]hen the narrator writes, ‘This is one story I’ve never told before,’ it suggests [that] [r]eaders come to learn that the narrator’s reluctance may stem from what he perceives as revealing weakness: his emotional breakdown, his lack of courage actually to desert, and a fear of his family and friends learning of his weakness.† O’Brien portrays the theme of courage and cowardice to reflect on his decision to either enter or flee the Vietnam War. He was split between choosing a life of war or fear. Because of his fear of shame and humiliation of his friends and family, cowardice consumes him and he is unable to will himself across the Rainy River into Canada. His cowardice is a vital part of the story because it conjures internal conflict, hallucinations, fear, pathos, and emotion throughout the story. The theme of shame is existent throughout the short story. In the beginning of the narrative, O’Brien reveals that he has never told this story before because of the shame and embarrassment that he would have felt if he had. O’Brien states â€Å"[what] it came down to, stupidly, was a  sense of shame [,] [h]ot, stupid shame . . . [he] was ashamed of his conscience . . . [of] doing the right thing† (1009-10). O’Brien dreads the indignity and humiliation of his friends, family, and people of great importance if he does not enlist into the war: He states that when he visualizes people of relativity and of importance on the sides of the river urging him toward one shore or the other he feels himself redden. He could not risk the disdain, ignominy, or derision and that he would go to war because he was ashamed not to. (1016) Werlock avers that â€Å"[w]hen Berdahl takes O’Brien fishing on the Rainy River, . . . he is confronted with the decision between one life or the other . . . the fear of shame holds him back.† The importance of the role of shame develops throughout the story; it is the motivating factor that prevents O’Brien from leaving to Canada. Shame held him back because he did not want his family to feel that he was a raised to become a coward. The author uses shame to enhance the emotional depth of the story; the shame compels the reader to recognize the struggle of his situation. In the end, O’Brien overcomes the barrier of shame and acquires the courage to return to the United States to fight in the Vietnam War. In the short story â€Å"On the Rainy River,† William Timothy O’Brien explores the importance of courage and shame when he evades his draft notice for the Vietnam War by fleeing to Canada. Throughout the story, the reader gains a sense of emotional perspective for what draftees distress and anticipate through O’Brien’s use of symbolism, tone, point of view, flashback, and the themes of courage and shame. O’Brien’s decision to be reborn into a new world is reflectively symbolized by the Rainy River and a penetrating tone of fear provides apprehension and unease upon the reader. The use of the first person point of view and the narrative devices of flashbacks and pathos allows O’Brien to recall the past and to provide emotion. O’Brien overcomes his fear of shame which ultimately enables him to gain his courage and fight in the Vietnam War. Works Cited Bloom, Harold, ed. â€Å"The Things They Carried.† The Things They Carried, Bloom’s Guides. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 2004. Bloom’s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. Farrell, Susan. â€Å"O’Brien, Tim.† Critical Companion to Tim O’Brien: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2011. Bloom’s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 28 Sept. 2014 Farrell, Susan. â€Å"‘The Vietnam in Me’.† Critical Companion to Tim O’Brien: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2011. Bloom’s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 25 Sept. 2014. O’Brien, Tim. â€Å"On The Rainy River.† Literature Grade 10. Ed. Janet Allen. Evanston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 2010. 999-1016. Print. Tegmark, Mats. â€Å"The Perspectives of Other Characters.† In the Shoes of a Soldier: Communication in Tim O’Brien’s Vietnam Narratives (Uppsala University, 1998): pp. 245–71. Quoted as â€Å"The Perspectives of Other Characters† in Bloom, Harold, ed. The Things They Carried, Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2011. Bloomâ⠂¬â„¢s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 27 Sept. 2014. Werlock, Abby H. P. â€Å"‘On the Rainy River’.† The Facts On File Companion to the American Short Story, Second Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009.Bloom’s Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 27 Sept. 2014.

Animal Testing and Mistreatment of Animals Essay - 554 Words

Animal research has played a major role in developing medications and treatments available to humans today, without animals, doctors would not be able to introduce these medications and treatments without initially testing them for safety. My wife has a son who was born without the pulmonary artery and because of animal research; he was provided another outlet for survival. In his first five days of life, he underwent surgery. It was the longest days of her life as she reminiscences, for twelve hour’s doctors could not get her son stable; his body was rejecting the human organ. Once he was stable, they kept his chest open for ten days to allow the swelling to decrease. Forty-eight days later, she was able to leave the hospital with her†¦show more content†¦Doctors perform medical procedures like organ transplants on animals before testing them on humans†(Chang 9). While minimizing animal testing utilizing alternatives is vital, doing so is not always possible, e ven as medical research moves forward. According to Marianne Kock of the Health Safety and Research Alliance of New York State, â€Å"alternatives such as cell cultures and computer models can only supplement animal research, †¦. A computer can’t generate blood to test the blood sugar of a diabetic patient†(Chang 12). Voluntary donors and those who die in Intensive care units can be selected in cell culture studies. Although, functional human organs required for transplants hold the highest priority and will not be used for research. Cell cultures reduce the numbers of animals tested while providing better results for humans but it does have shortcomings, as do all alternative methods. Due to animal testing, my wife’s son had an operation considered new research fourteen years ago and was able to live. 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